i2c: implement i2c_verify_adapter

This converts a struct device * to a struct i2c_adapter * while verifying
that the device really is an I2C adapter. Just like i2c_verify_client.

Signed-off-by: Stephen Warren <swarren@nvidia.com>
Acked-by: Jean Delvare <khali@linux-fr.org>
Signed-off-by: Wolfram Sang <w.sang@pengutronix.de>