arch/tile: refactor backtracing code

This change is the result of some work to make the backtrace code more
shareable between kernel, libc, and gdb.

For the kernel, some good effects are to eliminate the hacky
"VirtualAddress" typedef in favor of "unsigned long", to eliminate a
bunch of spurious kernel doc comments, to remove the dead "bt_read_memory"
function, and to use "__tilegx__" in #ifdefs instead of "TILE_CHIP".

Signed-off-by: Chris Metcalf <cmetcalf@tilera.com>