cgroup.c

	struct cgroup_subsys_state *css =
		container_of(work, struct cgroup_subsys_state, destroy_work);
	struct cgroup *cgrp = css->cgroup;

	if (css->parent)
		css_put(css->parent);

	css->ss->css_free(css);
	cgroup_dput(cgrp);
}

static void css_free_rcu_fn(struct rcu_head *rcu_head)
{
	struct cgroup_subsys_state *css =
		container_of(rcu_head, struct cgroup_subsys_state, rcu_head);

	/*
	 * css holds an extra ref to @cgrp->dentry which is put on the last
	 * css_put().  dput() requires process context which we don't have.
	 */
	INIT_WORK(&css->destroy_work, css_free_work_fn);
	queue_work(cgroup_destroy_wq, &css->destroy_work);
}

static void css_release(struct percpu_ref *ref)
{
	struct cgroup_subsys_state *css =
		container_of(ref, struct cgroup_subsys_state, refcnt);

	call_rcu(&css->rcu_head, css_free_rcu_fn);
}

static void init_css(struct cgroup_subsys_state *css, struct cgroup_subsys *ss,
		     struct cgroup *cgrp)
{
	css->cgroup = cgrp;
	css->ss = ss;
	css->flags = 0;

	if (cgrp->parent)
		css->parent = cgroup_css(cgrp->parent, ss);
	else
		css->flags |= CSS_ROOT;

	BUG_ON(cgroup_css(cgrp, ss));
}

/* invoke ->css_online() on a new CSS and mark it online if successful */
static int online_css(struct cgroup_subsys_state *css)
{
	struct cgroup_subsys *ss = css->ss;
	int ret = 0;

	lockdep_assert_held(&cgroup_mutex);

	if (ss->css_online)
		ret = ss->css_online(css);
	if (!ret) {
		css->flags |= CSS_ONLINE;
		css->cgroup->nr_css++;
		rcu_assign_pointer(css->cgroup->subsys[ss->subsys_id], css);
	}
	return ret;
}

/* if the CSS is online, invoke ->css_offline() on it and mark it offline */
static void offline_css(struct cgroup_subsys_state *css)
{
	struct cgroup_subsys *ss = css->ss;

	lockdep_assert_held(&cgroup_mutex);

	if (!(css->flags & CSS_ONLINE))
		return;

	if (ss->css_offline)
		ss->css_offline(css);

	css->flags &= ~CSS_ONLINE;
	css->cgroup->nr_css--;
	RCU_INIT_POINTER(css->cgroup->subsys[ss->subsys_id], css);
}

/**
 * create_css - create a cgroup_subsys_state
 * @cgrp: the cgroup new css will be associated with
 * @ss: the subsys of new css
 *
 * Create a new css associated with @cgrp - @ss pair.  On success, the new
 * css is online and installed in @cgrp with all interface files created.
 * Returns 0 on success, -errno on failure.
 */
static int create_css(struct cgroup *cgrp, struct cgroup_subsys *ss)
{
	struct cgroup *parent = cgrp->parent;
	struct cgroup_subsys_state *css;
	int err;

	lockdep_assert_held(&cgrp->dentry->d_inode->i_mutex);
	lockdep_assert_held(&cgroup_mutex);

	css = ss->css_alloc(cgroup_css(parent, ss));
	if (IS_ERR(css))
		return PTR_ERR(css);

	err = percpu_ref_init(&css->refcnt, css_release);
	if (err)
		goto err_free;

	init_css(css, ss, cgrp);

	err = cgroup_populate_dir(cgrp, 1 << ss->subsys_id);
	if (err)
		goto err_free;

	err = online_css(css);
	if (err)
		goto err_free;

	dget(cgrp->dentry);
	css_get(css->parent);

	if (ss->broken_hierarchy && !ss->warned_broken_hierarchy &&
	    parent->parent) {
		pr_warning("cgroup: %s (%d) created nested cgroup for controller \"%s\" which has incomplete hierarchy support. Nested cgroups may change behavior in the future.\n",
			   current->comm, current->pid, ss->name);
		if (!strcmp(ss->name, "memory"))
			pr_warning("cgroup: \"memory\" requires setting use_hierarchy to 1 on the root.\n");
		ss->warned_broken_hierarchy = true;
	}

	return 0;

err_free:
	percpu_ref_cancel_init(&css->refcnt);
	ss->css_free(css);
	return err;
}

/*
 * cgroup_create - create a cgroup
 * @parent: cgroup that will be parent of the new cgroup
 * @dentry: dentry of the new cgroup
 * @mode: mode to set on new inode
 *
 * Must be called with the mutex on the parent inode held
 */
static long cgroup_create(struct cgroup *parent, struct dentry *dentry,
			     umode_t mode)
{
	struct cgroup *cgrp;
	struct cgroup_name *name;
	struct cgroupfs_root *root = parent->root;
	int err = 0;
	struct cgroup_subsys *ss;
	struct super_block *sb = root->sb;

	/* allocate the cgroup and its ID, 0 is reserved for the root */
	cgrp = kzalloc(sizeof(*cgrp), GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!cgrp)
		return -ENOMEM;

	name = cgroup_alloc_name(dentry);
	if (!name)
		goto err_free_cgrp;
	rcu_assign_pointer(cgrp->name, name);

	/*
	 * Temporarily set the pointer to NULL, so idr_find() won't return
	 * a half-baked cgroup.
	 */
	cgrp->id = idr_alloc(&root->cgroup_idr, NULL, 1, 0, GFP_KERNEL);
	if (cgrp->id < 0)
		goto err_free_name;

	/*
	 * Only live parents can have children.  Note that the liveliness
	 * check isn't strictly necessary because cgroup_mkdir() and
	 * cgroup_rmdir() are fully synchronized by i_mutex; however, do it
	 * anyway so that locking is contained inside cgroup proper and we
	 * don't get nasty surprises if we ever grow another caller.
	 */
	if (!cgroup_lock_live_group(parent)) {
		err = -ENODEV;
		goto err_free_id;
	}

	/* Grab a reference on the superblock so the hierarchy doesn't
	 * get deleted on unmount if there are child cgroups.  This
	 * can be done outside cgroup_mutex, since the sb can't
	 * disappear while someone has an open control file on the
	 * fs */
	atomic_inc(&sb->s_active);

	init_cgroup_housekeeping(cgrp);

	dentry->d_fsdata = cgrp;
	cgrp->dentry = dentry;

	cgrp->parent = parent;
	cgrp->dummy_css.parent = &parent->dummy_css;
	cgrp->root = parent->root;

	if (notify_on_release(parent))
		set_bit(CGRP_NOTIFY_ON_RELEASE, &cgrp->flags);

	if (test_bit(CGRP_CPUSET_CLONE_CHILDREN, &parent->flags))
		set_bit(CGRP_CPUSET_CLONE_CHILDREN, &cgrp->flags);

	/*
	 * Create directory.  cgroup_create_file() returns with the new
	 * directory locked on success so that it can be populated without
	 * dropping cgroup_mutex.
	 */
	err = cgroup_create_file(dentry, S_IFDIR | mode, sb);
	if (err < 0)
		goto err_unlock;
	lockdep_assert_held(&dentry->d_inode->i_mutex);

	cgrp->serial_nr = cgroup_serial_nr_next++;

	/* allocation complete, commit to creation */
	list_add_tail_rcu(&cgrp->sibling, &cgrp->parent->children);
	root->number_of_cgroups++;

	/* hold a ref to the parent's dentry */
	dget(parent->dentry);

	/*
	 * @cgrp is now fully operational.  If something fails after this
	 * point, it'll be released via the normal destruction path.
	 */
	idr_replace(&root->cgroup_idr, cgrp, cgrp->id);

	err = cgroup_addrm_files(cgrp, cgroup_base_files, true);
	if (err)
		goto err_destroy;

	/* let's create and online css's */
	for_each_root_subsys(root, ss) {
		err = create_css(cgrp, ss);
		if (err)
			goto err_destroy;
	}

	mutex_unlock(&cgroup_mutex);
	mutex_unlock(&cgrp->dentry->d_inode->i_mutex);

	return 0;

err_unlock:
	mutex_unlock(&cgroup_mutex);
	/* Release the reference count that we took on the superblock */
	deactivate_super(sb);
err_free_id:
	idr_remove(&root->cgroup_idr, cgrp->id);
err_free_name:
	kfree(rcu_dereference_raw(cgrp->name));
err_free_cgrp:
	kfree(cgrp);
	return err;

err_destroy:
	cgroup_destroy_locked(cgrp);
	mutex_unlock(&cgroup_mutex);
	mutex_unlock(&dentry->d_inode->i_mutex);
	return err;
}

static int cgroup_mkdir(struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry, umode_t mode)
{
	struct cgroup *c_parent = dentry->d_parent->d_fsdata;

	/* the vfs holds inode->i_mutex already */
	return cgroup_create(c_parent, dentry, mode | S_IFDIR);
}

/*
 * This is called when the refcnt of a css is confirmed to be killed.
 * css_tryget() is now guaranteed to fail.
 */
static void css_killed_work_fn(struct work_struct *work)
{
	struct cgroup_subsys_state *css =
		container_of(work, struct cgroup_subsys_state, destroy_work);
	struct cgroup *cgrp = css->cgroup;

	mutex_lock(&cgroup_mutex);

	/*
	 * css_tryget() is guaranteed to fail now.  Tell subsystems to
	 * initate destruction.
	 */
	offline_css(css);

	/*
	 * If @cgrp is marked dead, it's waiting for refs of all css's to
	 * be disabled before proceeding to the second phase of cgroup
	 * destruction.  If we are the last one, kick it off.
	 */
	if (!cgrp->nr_css && cgroup_is_dead(cgrp))
		cgroup_destroy_css_killed(cgrp);

	mutex_unlock(&cgroup_mutex);

	/*
	 * Put the css refs from kill_css().  Each css holds an extra
	 * reference to the cgroup's dentry and cgroup removal proceeds
	 * regardless of css refs.  On the last put of each css, whenever
	 * that may be, the extra dentry ref is put so that dentry
	 * destruction happens only after all css's are released.
	 */
	css_put(css);
}

/* css kill confirmation processing requires process context, bounce */
static void css_killed_ref_fn(struct percpu_ref *ref)
{
	struct cgroup_subsys_state *css =
		container_of(ref, struct cgroup_subsys_state, refcnt);

	INIT_WORK(&css->destroy_work, css_killed_work_fn);
	queue_work(cgroup_destroy_wq, &css->destroy_work);
}

/**
 * kill_css - destroy a css
 * @css: css to destroy
 *
 * This function initiates destruction of @css by removing cgroup interface
 * files and putting its base reference.  ->css_offline() will be invoked
 * asynchronously once css_tryget() is guaranteed to fail and when the
 * reference count reaches zero, @css will be released.
 */
static void kill_css(struct cgroup_subsys_state *css)
{
	cgroup_clear_dir(css->cgroup, 1 << css->ss->subsys_id);

	/*
	 * Killing would put the base ref, but we need to keep it alive
	 * until after ->css_offline().
	 */
	css_get(css);

	/*
	 * cgroup core guarantees that, by the time ->css_offline() is
	 * invoked, no new css reference will be given out via
	 * css_tryget().  We can't simply call percpu_ref_kill() and
	 * proceed to offlining css's because percpu_ref_kill() doesn't
	 * guarantee that the ref is seen as killed on all CPUs on return.
	 *
	 * Use percpu_ref_kill_and_confirm() to get notifications as each
	 * css is confirmed to be seen as killed on all CPUs.
	 */
	percpu_ref_kill_and_confirm(&css->refcnt, css_killed_ref_fn);
}

/**
 * cgroup_destroy_locked - the first stage of cgroup destruction
 * @cgrp: cgroup to be destroyed
 *
 * css's make use of percpu refcnts whose killing latency shouldn't be
 * exposed to userland and are RCU protected.  Also, cgroup core needs to
 * guarantee that css_tryget() won't succeed by the time ->css_offline() is
 * invoked.  To satisfy all the requirements, destruction is implemented in
 * the following two steps.
 *
 * s1. Verify @cgrp can be destroyed and mark it dying.  Remove all
 *     userland visible parts and start killing the percpu refcnts of
 *     css's.  Set up so that the next stage will be kicked off once all
 *     the percpu refcnts are confirmed to be killed.
 *
 * s2. Invoke ->css_offline(), mark the cgroup dead and proceed with the
 *     rest of destruction.  Once all cgroup references are gone, the
 *     cgroup is RCU-freed.
 *
 * This function implements s1.  After this step, @cgrp is gone as far as
 * the userland is concerned and a new cgroup with the same name may be
 * created.  As cgroup doesn't care about the names internally, this
 * doesn't cause any problem.
 */
static int cgroup_destroy_locked(struct cgroup *cgrp)
	__releases(&cgroup_mutex) __acquires(&cgroup_mutex)
{
	struct dentry *d = cgrp->dentry;
	struct cgroup_subsys_state *css;
	struct cgroup *child;
	bool empty;
	int ssid;

	lockdep_assert_held(&d->d_inode->i_mutex);
	lockdep_assert_held(&cgroup_mutex);

	/*
	 * css_set_lock synchronizes access to ->cset_links and prevents
	 * @cgrp from being removed while __put_css_set() is in progress.
	 */
	read_lock(&css_set_lock);
	empty = list_empty(&cgrp->cset_links);
	read_unlock(&css_set_lock);
	if (!empty)
		return -EBUSY;

	/*
	 * Make sure there's no live children.  We can't test ->children
	 * emptiness as dead children linger on it while being destroyed;
	 * otherwise, "rmdir parent/child parent" may fail with -EBUSY.
	 */
	empty = true;
	rcu_read_lock();
	list_for_each_entry_rcu(child, &cgrp->children, sibling) {
		empty = cgroup_is_dead(child);
		if (!empty)
			break;
	}
	rcu_read_unlock();
	if (!empty)
		return -EBUSY;

	/*
	 * Initiate massacre of all css's.  cgroup_destroy_css_killed()
	 * will be invoked to perform the rest of destruction once the
	 * percpu refs of all css's are confirmed to be killed.
	 */
	for_each_css(css, ssid, cgrp)
		kill_css(css);

	/*
	 * Mark @cgrp dead.  This prevents further task migration and child
	 * creation by disabling cgroup_lock_live_group().  Note that
	 * CGRP_DEAD assertion is depended upon by css_next_child() to
	 * resume iteration after dropping RCU read lock.  See
	 * css_next_child() for details.
	 */
	set_bit(CGRP_DEAD, &cgrp->flags);

	/* CGRP_DEAD is set, remove from ->release_list for the last time */
	raw_spin_lock(&release_list_lock);
	if (!list_empty(&cgrp->release_list))
		list_del_init(&cgrp->release_list);
	raw_spin_unlock(&release_list_lock);

	/*
	 * If @cgrp has css's attached, the second stage of cgroup
	 * destruction is kicked off from css_killed_work_fn() after the
	 * refs of all attached css's are killed.  If @cgrp doesn't have
	 * any css, we kick it off here.
	 */
	if (!cgrp->nr_css)
		cgroup_destroy_css_killed(cgrp);

	/*
	 * Clear the base files and remove @cgrp directory.  The removal
	 * puts the base ref but we aren't quite done with @cgrp yet, so
	 * hold onto it.
	 */
	cgroup_addrm_files(cgrp, cgroup_base_files, false);
	dget(d);
	cgroup_d_remove_dir(d);

	return 0;
};

/**
 * cgroup_destroy_css_killed - the second step of cgroup destruction
 * @work: cgroup->destroy_free_work
 *
 * This function is invoked from a work item for a cgroup which is being
 * destroyed after all css's are offlined and performs the rest of
 * destruction.  This is the second step of destruction described in the
 * comment above cgroup_destroy_locked().
 */
static void cgroup_destroy_css_killed(struct cgroup *cgrp)
{
	struct cgroup *parent = cgrp->parent;
	struct dentry *d = cgrp->dentry;

	lockdep_assert_held(&cgroup_mutex);

	/* delete this cgroup from parent->children */
	list_del_rcu(&cgrp->sibling);

	/*
	 * We should remove the cgroup object from idr before its grace
	 * period starts, so we won't be looking up a cgroup while the
	 * cgroup is being freed.
	 */
	idr_remove(&cgrp->root->cgroup_idr, cgrp->id);
	cgrp->id = -1;

	dput(d);

	set_bit(CGRP_RELEASABLE, &parent->flags);
	check_for_release(parent);
}

static int cgroup_rmdir(struct inode *unused_dir, struct dentry *dentry)
{
	int ret;

	mutex_lock(&cgroup_mutex);
	ret = cgroup_destroy_locked(dentry->d_fsdata);
	mutex_unlock(&cgroup_mutex);

	return ret;
}

static void __init_or_module cgroup_init_cftsets(struct cgroup_subsys *ss)
{
	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&ss->cftsets);

	/*
	 * base_cftset is embedded in subsys itself, no need to worry about
	 * deregistration.
	 */
	if (ss->base_cftypes) {
		struct cftype *cft;

		for (cft = ss->base_cftypes; cft->name[0] != '\0'; cft++)
			cft->ss = ss;

		ss->base_cftset.cfts = ss->base_cftypes;
		list_add_tail(&ss->base_cftset.node, &ss->cftsets);
	}
}

static void __init cgroup_init_subsys(struct cgroup_subsys *ss)
{
	struct cgroup_subsys_state *css;

	printk(KERN_INFO "Initializing cgroup subsys %s\n", ss->name);

	mutex_lock(&cgroup_mutex);

	/* init base cftset */
	cgroup_init_cftsets(ss);

	/* Create the top cgroup state for this subsystem */
	list_add(&ss->sibling, &cgroup_dummy_root.subsys_list);
	ss->root = &cgroup_dummy_root;
	css = ss->css_alloc(cgroup_css(cgroup_dummy_top, ss));
	/* We don't handle early failures gracefully */
	BUG_ON(IS_ERR(css));
	init_css(css, ss, cgroup_dummy_top);

	/* Update the init_css_set to contain a subsys
	 * pointer to this state - since the subsystem is
	 * newly registered, all tasks and hence the
	 * init_css_set is in the subsystem's top cgroup. */
	init_css_set.subsys[ss->subsys_id] = css;

	need_forkexit_callback |= ss->fork || ss->exit;

	/* At system boot, before all subsystems have been
	 * registered, no tasks have been forked, so we don't
	 * need to invoke fork callbacks here. */
	BUG_ON(!list_empty(&init_task.tasks));

	BUG_ON(online_css(css));

	mutex_unlock(&cgroup_mutex);

	/* this function shouldn't be used with modular subsystems, since they
	 * need to register a subsys_id, among other things */
	BUG_ON(ss->module);
}

/**
 * cgroup_load_subsys: load and register a modular subsystem at runtime
 * @ss: the subsystem to load
 *
 * This function should be called in a modular subsystem's initcall. If the
 * subsystem is built as a module, it will be assigned a new subsys_id and set
 * up for use. If the subsystem is built-in anyway, work is delegated to the
 * simpler cgroup_init_subsys.
 */
int __init_or_module cgroup_load_subsys(struct cgroup_subsys *ss)
{
	struct cgroup_subsys_state *css;
	int i, ret;
	struct hlist_node *tmp;
	struct css_set *cset;
	unsigned long key;

	/* check name and function validity */
	if (ss->name == NULL || strlen(ss->name) > MAX_CGROUP_TYPE_NAMELEN ||
	    ss->css_alloc == NULL || ss->css_free == NULL)
		return -EINVAL;

	/*
	 * we don't support callbacks in modular subsystems. this check is
	 * before the ss->module check for consistency; a subsystem that could
	 * be a module should still have no callbacks even if the user isn't
	 * compiling it as one.
	 */
	if (ss->fork || ss->exit)
		return -EINVAL;

	/*
	 * an optionally modular subsystem is built-in: we want to do nothing,
	 * since cgroup_init_subsys will have already taken care of it.
	 */
	if (ss->module == NULL) {
		/* a sanity check */
		BUG_ON(cgroup_subsys[ss->subsys_id] != ss);
		return 0;
	}

	/* init base cftset */
	cgroup_init_cftsets(ss);

	mutex_lock(&cgroup_mutex);
	mutex_lock(&cgroup_root_mutex);
	cgroup_subsys[ss->subsys_id] = ss;

	/*
	 * no ss->css_alloc seems to need anything important in the ss
	 * struct, so this can happen first (i.e. before the dummy root
	 * attachment).
	 */
	css = ss->css_alloc(cgroup_css(cgroup_dummy_top, ss));
	if (IS_ERR(css)) {
		/* failure case - need to deassign the cgroup_subsys[] slot. */
		cgroup_subsys[ss->subsys_id] = NULL;
		mutex_unlock(&cgroup_mutex);
		return PTR_ERR(css);
	}

	list_add(&ss->sibling, &cgroup_dummy_root.subsys_list);
	ss->root = &cgroup_dummy_root;

	/* our new subsystem will be attached to the dummy hierarchy. */
	init_css(css, ss, cgroup_dummy_top);

	/*
	 * Now we need to entangle the css into the existing css_sets. unlike
	 * in cgroup_init_subsys, there are now multiple css_sets, so each one
	 * will need a new pointer to it; done by iterating the css_set_table.
	 * furthermore, modifying the existing css_sets will corrupt the hash
	 * table state, so each changed css_set will need its hash recomputed.
	 * this is all done under the css_set_lock.
	 */
	write_lock(&css_set_lock);
	hash_for_each_safe(css_set_table, i, tmp, cset, hlist) {
		/* skip entries that we already rehashed */
		if (cset->subsys[ss->subsys_id])
			continue;
		/* remove existing entry */
		hash_del(&cset->hlist);
		/* set new value */
		cset->subsys[ss->subsys_id] = css;
		/* recompute hash and restore entry */
		key = css_set_hash(cset->subsys);
		hash_add(css_set_table, &cset->hlist, key);
	}
	write_unlock(&css_set_lock);

	ret = online_css(css);
	if (ret)
		goto err_unload;

	/* success! */
	mutex_unlock(&cgroup_root_mutex);
	mutex_unlock(&cgroup_mutex);
	return 0;

err_unload:
	mutex_unlock(&cgroup_root_mutex);
	mutex_unlock(&cgroup_mutex);
	/* @ss can't be mounted here as try_module_get() would fail */
	cgroup_unload_subsys(ss);
	return ret;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(cgroup_load_subsys);

/**
 * cgroup_unload_subsys: unload a modular subsystem
 * @ss: the subsystem to unload
 *
 * This function should be called in a modular subsystem's exitcall. When this
 * function is invoked, the refcount on the subsystem's module will be 0, so
 * the subsystem will not be attached to any hierarchy.
 */
void cgroup_unload_subsys(struct cgroup_subsys *ss)
{
	struct cgrp_cset_link *link;

	BUG_ON(ss->module == NULL);

	/*
	 * we shouldn't be called if the subsystem is in use, and the use of
	 * try_module_get() in rebind_subsystems() should ensure that it
	 * doesn't start being used while we're killing it off.
	 */
	BUG_ON(ss->root != &cgroup_dummy_root);

	mutex_lock(&cgroup_mutex);
	mutex_lock(&cgroup_root_mutex);

	offline_css(cgroup_css(cgroup_dummy_top, ss));

	/* deassign the subsys_id */
	cgroup_subsys[ss->subsys_id] = NULL;

	/* remove subsystem from the dummy root's list of subsystems */
	list_del_init(&ss->sibling);

	/*
	 * disentangle the css from all css_sets attached to the dummy
	 * top. as in loading, we need to pay our respects to the hashtable
	 * gods.
	 */
	write_lock(&css_set_lock);
	list_for_each_entry(link, &cgroup_dummy_top->cset_links, cset_link) {
		struct css_set *cset = link->cset;
		unsigned long key;

		hash_del(&cset->hlist);
		cset->subsys[ss->subsys_id] = NULL;
		key = css_set_hash(cset->subsys);
		hash_add(css_set_table, &cset->hlist, key);
	}
	write_unlock(&css_set_lock);

	/*
	 * remove subsystem's css from the cgroup_dummy_top and free it -
	 * need to free before marking as null because ss->css_free needs
	 * the cgrp->subsys pointer to find their state.
	 */
	ss->css_free(cgroup_css(cgroup_dummy_top, ss));
	RCU_INIT_POINTER(cgroup_dummy_top->subsys[ss->subsys_id], NULL);

	mutex_unlock(&cgroup_root_mutex);
	mutex_unlock(&cgroup_mutex);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(cgroup_unload_subsys);

/**
 * cgroup_init_early - cgroup initialization at system boot
 *
 * Initialize cgroups at system boot, and initialize any
 * subsystems that request early init.
 */
int __init cgroup_init_early(void)
{
	struct cgroup_subsys *ss;
	int i;

	atomic_set(&init_css_set.refcount, 1);
	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&init_css_set.cgrp_links);
	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&init_css_set.tasks);
	INIT_HLIST_NODE(&init_css_set.hlist);
	css_set_count = 1;
	init_cgroup_root(&cgroup_dummy_root);
	cgroup_root_count = 1;
	RCU_INIT_POINTER(init_task.cgroups, &init_css_set);

	init_cgrp_cset_link.cset = &init_css_set;
	init_cgrp_cset_link.cgrp = cgroup_dummy_top;
	list_add(&init_cgrp_cset_link.cset_link, &cgroup_dummy_top->cset_links);
	list_add(&init_cgrp_cset_link.cgrp_link, &init_css_set.cgrp_links);

	/* at bootup time, we don't worry about modular subsystems */
	for_each_builtin_subsys(ss, i) {
		BUG_ON(!ss->name);
		BUG_ON(strlen(ss->name) > MAX_CGROUP_TYPE_NAMELEN);
		BUG_ON(!ss->css_alloc);
		BUG_ON(!ss->css_free);
		if (ss->subsys_id != i) {
			printk(KERN_ERR "cgroup: Subsys %s id == %d\n",
			       ss->name, ss->subsys_id);
			BUG();
		}

		if (ss->early_init)
			cgroup_init_subsys(ss);
	}
	return 0;
}

/**
 * cgroup_init - cgroup initialization
 *
 * Register cgroup filesystem and /proc file, and initialize
 * any subsystems that didn't request early init.
 */
int __init cgroup_init(void)
{
	struct cgroup_subsys *ss;
	unsigned long key;
	int i, err;

	err = bdi_init(&cgroup_backing_dev_info);
	if (err)
		return err;

	for_each_builtin_subsys(ss, i) {
		if (!ss->early_init)
			cgroup_init_subsys(ss);
	}

	/* allocate id for the dummy hierarchy */
	mutex_lock(&cgroup_mutex);
	mutex_lock(&cgroup_root_mutex);

	/* Add init_css_set to the hash table */
	key = css_set_hash(init_css_set.subsys);
	hash_add(css_set_table, &init_css_set.hlist, key);

	BUG_ON(cgroup_init_root_id(&cgroup_dummy_root, 0, 1));

	err = idr_alloc(&cgroup_dummy_root.cgroup_idr, cgroup_dummy_top,
			0, 1, GFP_KERNEL);
	BUG_ON(err < 0);

	mutex_unlock(&cgroup_root_mutex);
	mutex_unlock(&cgroup_mutex);

	cgroup_kobj = kobject_create_and_add("cgroup", fs_kobj);
	if (!cgroup_kobj) {
		err = -ENOMEM;
		goto out;
	}

	err = register_filesystem(&cgroup_fs_type);
	if (err < 0) {
		kobject_put(cgroup_kobj);
		goto out;
	}

	proc_create("cgroups", 0, NULL, &proc_cgroupstats_operations);

out:
	if (err)
		bdi_destroy(&cgroup_backing_dev_info);

	return err;
}

static int __init cgroup_wq_init(void)
{
	/*
	 * There isn't much point in executing destruction path in
	 * parallel.  Good chunk is serialized with cgroup_mutex anyway.
	 * Use 1 for @max_active.
	 *
	 * We would prefer to do this in cgroup_init() above, but that
	 * is called before init_workqueues(): so leave this until after.
	 */
	cgroup_destroy_wq = alloc_workqueue("cgroup_destroy", 0, 1);
	BUG_ON(!cgroup_destroy_wq);

	/*
	 * Used to destroy pidlists and separate to serve as flush domain.
	 * Cap @max_active to 1 too.
	 */
	cgroup_pidlist_destroy_wq = alloc_workqueue("cgroup_pidlist_destroy",
						    0, 1);
	BUG_ON(!cgroup_pidlist_destroy_wq);

	return 0;
}
core_initcall(cgroup_wq_init);

/*
 * proc_cgroup_show()
 *  - Print task's cgroup paths into seq_file, one line for each hierarchy
 *  - Used for /proc/<pid>/cgroup.
 *  - No need to task_lock(tsk) on this tsk->cgroup reference, as it
 *    doesn't really matter if tsk->cgroup changes after we read it,
 *    and we take cgroup_mutex, keeping cgroup_attach_task() from changing it
 *    anyway.  No need to check that tsk->cgroup != NULL, thanks to
 *    the_top_cgroup_hack in cgroup_exit(), which sets an exiting tasks
 *    cgroup to top_cgroup.
 */

/* TODO: Use a proper seq_file iterator */
int proc_cgroup_show(struct seq_file *m, void *v)
{
	struct pid *pid;
	struct task_struct *tsk;
	char *buf;
	int retval;
	struct cgroupfs_root *root;

	retval = -ENOMEM;
	buf = kmalloc(PAGE_SIZE, GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!buf)
		goto out;

	retval = -ESRCH;
	pid = m->private;
	tsk = get_pid_task(pid, PIDTYPE_PID);
	if (!tsk)
		goto out_free;

	retval = 0;

	mutex_lock(&cgroup_mutex);

	for_each_active_root(root) {
		struct cgroup_subsys *ss;
		struct cgroup *cgrp;
		int count = 0;

		seq_printf(m, "%d:", root->hierarchy_id);
		for_each_root_subsys(root, ss)
			seq_printf(m, "%s%s", count++ ? "," : "", ss->name);
		if (strlen(root->name))
			seq_printf(m, "%sname=%s", count ? "," : "",
				   root->name);
		seq_putc(m, ':');
		cgrp = task_cgroup_from_root(tsk, root);
		retval = cgroup_path(cgrp, buf, PAGE_SIZE);
		if (retval < 0)
			goto out_unlock;
		seq_puts(m, buf);
		seq_putc(m, '\n');
	}

out_unlock:
	mutex_unlock(&cgroup_mutex);
	put_task_struct(tsk);
out_free:
	kfree(buf);
out:
	return retval;
}

/* Display information about each subsystem and each hierarchy */
static int proc_cgroupstats_show(struct seq_file *m, void *v)
{
	struct cgroup_subsys *ss;
	int i;

	seq_puts(m, "#subsys_name\thierarchy\tnum_cgroups\tenabled\n");
	/*
	 * ideally we don't want subsystems moving around while we do this.
	 * cgroup_mutex is also necessary to guarantee an atomic snapshot of
	 * subsys/hierarchy state.
	 */
	mutex_lock(&cgroup_mutex);

	for_each_subsys(ss, i)
		seq_printf(m, "%s\t%d\t%d\t%d\n",
			   ss->name, ss->root->hierarchy_id,
			   ss->root->number_of_cgroups, !ss->disabled);

	mutex_unlock(&cgroup_mutex);
	return 0;
}

static int cgroupstats_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
{
	return single_open(file, proc_cgroupstats_show, NULL);
}

static const struct file_operations proc_cgroupstats_operations = {
	.open = cgroupstats_open,
	.read = seq_read,
	.llseek = seq_lseek,
	.release = single_release,
};

/**
 * cgroup_fork - attach newly forked task to its parents cgroup.
 * @child: pointer to task_struct of forking parent process.
 *
 * Description: A task inherits its parent's cgroup at fork().
 *
 * A pointer to the shared css_set was automatically copied in
 * fork.c by dup_task_struct().  However, we ignore that copy, since
 * it was not made under the protection of RCU or cgroup_mutex, so
 * might no longer be a valid cgroup pointer.  cgroup_attach_task() might
 * have already changed current->cgroups, allowing the previously
 * referenced cgroup group to be removed and freed.
 *
 * At the point that cgroup_fork() is called, 'current' is the parent
 * task, and the passed argument 'child' points to the child task.
 */
void cgroup_fork(struct task_struct *child)
{
	task_lock(current);
	get_css_set(task_css_set(current));
	child->cgroups = current->cgroups;
	task_unlock(current);
	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&child->cg_list);
}

/**
 * cgroup_post_fork - called on a new task after adding it to the task list
 * @child: the task in question
 *
 * Adds the task to the list running through its css_set if necessary and
 * call the subsystem fork() callbacks.  Has to be after the task is
 * visible on the task list in case we race with the first call to
 * cgroup_task_iter_start() - to guarantee that the new task ends up on its
 * list.
 */
void cgroup_post_fork(struct task_struct *child)